1/10/2024 0 Comments Istat vs epoc![]() ![]() Following a MEng degree in Mechanical Engineering from Bristol University he spent 15 years developing medical devices for companies in Europe, USA and Asia before co-founding Kalium Health. in Physical Chemistry, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. in Materials Science and Engineering and Ph.D. Her research interests lie in the fields of emerging molecular sensing technologies, nanomaterials and nanophotonics with applications in environmental and industrial sensing, homeland security and medical diagnostics. Tanya Hutter is an Assistant Professor in the Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. We discuss the practical and clinical applicability of these technologies and provide future outlooks. This review summarises current solutions and recent developments in point-of-care and self-testing potassium measurement technologies, which include devices for measurement of potassium in venous blood, devices for home blood collection and remote measurement, devices for rapid home measurement of potassium, wearable sensors for potassium in interstitial fluid, in sweat, in urine, as well as non-invasive potassium detection. For at-risk patients, frequent monitoring of potassium can improve safety and lifestyle, but conventional venous blood draws are inconvenient, don't provide a timely result and may be inaccurate. Many medical conditions as well as commonly-used drugs either raise or lower blood potassium levels, which can be dangerous or even fatal. Venous PO2 is much lower and Pco2 much higher after exercise, for example, than at rest, whereas arterial values are not significantly affected by moderate physical activity.Potassium is an important bodily electrolyte which is kept within tight limits in health. Blood gas measurements of venous blood are not as useful because these values are far more variable. The values in arterial blood are relatively constant and clinically significant because they reflect lung function. The PO2 and PCO2 values of blood are a result of gas exchange in the lung alveoli and gas exchange between systemic capillaries and body cells. After gas exchange in the alveoli of the lungs, blood in the pulmonary veins and systemic arteries has a PO2 of about 100 mmHg and a ![]() Blood in the systemic veins, which is delivered to the lungs by the pulmonary arteries, usually has a PO2 of 40 mmHg and a PCO>2 of 46 mmHg. For this reason, breathing from a tank of 100% oxygen (with a PO2 of 760 mmHg) would significantly increase oxygen delivery to the tissues, although it would have little effect on the total oxygen content of blood.Īn electrode that produces a current in response to dissolved carbon dioxide is also used, so that the PCO>2 of blood can be measured together with its PO2. Since the oxygen carried by red blood cells must first dissolve in plasma before it can diffuse to the tissue cells, however, a doubling of the blood PO2 means that the rate of oxygen diffusion to the tissues would double under these conditions. This is because the plasma contains relatively little oxygen compared to the red blood cells. If the PO2 doubles, the amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma also doubles, but the total oxygen content of whole blood increases only slightly. It can, however, significantly increase the amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma (because the amount dissolved is directly determined by the PO2). Thus an increase in blood PO2-produced, for example, by breathing 100% oxygen from a gas tank-cannot significantly increase the amount of oxygen contained in the red blood cells. At a normal PO2 of about 100 mmHg, hemoglobin is almost completely loaded with oxygen. When the lungs are functioning properly, the PO2 of systemic arterial blood is only 5 mmHg less than the PO2 of alveolar air. Measurements of arterial PO2 thus provide valuable information in treating people with pulmonary diseases, in performing surgery (when breathing may be depressed by anesthesia), and in caring for premature babies with respiratory distress syndrome. If the inspired air had a normal PO2 but the arterial PO2 was below normal, for example, you could conclude that gas exchange in the lungs was impaired. It does, however, provide a good index of lung function. Since blood PO2 measurements are not directly affected by the oxygen in red blood cells, the PO2 does not provide a measurement of the total oxygen content of whole blood. ![]()
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